In a major speech to the U.N. General Assembly, the pope also said that the international community sometimes had to intervene when a country could not protect its own people from “grave and sustained violations of human rights.”

The pope, who arrived from Washington on the second leg of a U.S. trip, became only the third pontiff in history to address the General Assembly. Speaking in French and English from the Assembly’s green marble podium, he gave a wide-ranging address on issues such as globalization, human rights and the environment.

The international community must be “capable of responding to the demands of the human family through binding international rules,” said the 81-year-old pope, who spoke after meeting privately with U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. He said the notion of multilateral consensus was “in crisis because it is still subordinated to the decisions of a few, whereas the world’s problems call for interventions in the form of collective action by the international community.”

While Benedict did not mention any specific country, this appeared to be a reference to the United States, which led the 2003 invasion of Iraq even though the Security Council refused to approve it.

The Vatican strongly opposed the recourse to war.

Benedict called for “a deeper search for ways of pre-empting and managing conflicts by exploring every possible diplomatic avenue, and giving attention and encouragement to even the faintest sign of dialogue or desire for reconciliation.”

In an apparent reference to the conflict in the Sudanese region of Darfur, the pope said that every state had the “primary duty” to protect its citizens from human rights violations and humanitarian crises but outside intervention was sometimes justified.

“If states are unable to guarantee such protection, the international community must intervene with the juridical means provided in the United Nations Charter and in other international instruments,” he said.

The pope called human rights, particularly religious freedom, “the common language and ethical substratum of international relations,” and added that promoting human rights was the best strategy to eliminate inequalities.

“Indeed, the victims of hardship and despair, whose human dignity is violated with impunity, become easy prey to the call to violence, and they can then become violators of peace,” he said in an apparent reference to social causes of terrorism.

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