Justin Lin Yifu, a Taiwan-born economics professor at Peking University and one of China’s most influential policy advisers, said that the yuan would probably only appreciate by about 3 percent a year against the dollar in the foreseeable future.

The People’s Bank of China has repeatedly asserted that it aims to keep the yuan basically stable at a “reasonable” level, and that appreciation would be gradual.

Any faster pace than 3 percent a year could push many exporters out of business, and a rate of 4 percent was likely to stimulate speculation on the yuan, Lin said, citing the gap between U.S. and Chinese interest rates. He was speaking on the sidelines of the Boao Forum for Asia being held on the southern Chinese island province of Hainan.

U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson said Friday that Beijing and Washington agreed that the yuan reform should continue, but that the two sides differed on the speed.

The yuan has risen by just 5.1 percent against the dollar since the central bank revalued it by 2.1 percent and decoupled it from a dollar peg in July 2005.

Lin said that even the frequent post-revaluation highs of the yuan on the onshore market were mainly the result of the central bank’s plans to allow more two-way movement in its value — not a sign that it would let loose on the reins outright.

Still, that increased volatility was an important part of the central bank’s aim of letting the yuan become more flexible, Lin said.

Many economists say that for the exchange rate regime to develop, the market needs more developed derivative products. But without enough volatility, it is difficult for those markets to develop.

Lin added that the sudden drop in the country’s trade surplus in March to US$6.9 billion, from US$23.8 billion in February and US$15.9 billion in January, could be attributed in part to a slow in the inflows of hot money.

Part of the inflows of speculative capital came in the form of exaggerated export figures and underreporting of imports, he explained.

“According to my calculations, speculators cannot make a profit if the yuan rises at less than 4 percent a year,” he said.

He said the risk of investing in the domestic stock market and in the country’s property sector was also increasing, which could also help deter inflows of speculative capital.

Much of the money betting on yuan appreciation is thought to be invested in domestic stocks and real estate.

Lin also said he agreed with the view, long cited by officials and government economists, that changes to the exchange rate alone would not help trim China’s gaping trade surplus with the United States.

Critics, especially in the United States, are stepping up pressure on Beijing to let the yuan strengthen much more quickly to help trim that surplus.

“Most Chinese exports to the U.S. are labor-intensive products that America no long makes, and the United States still needs to import those products, either from China or other countries, even if the yuan appreciates greatly,” he said.

Central bank adviser Fan Gang, the only academic member of its monetary policy committee, also said at the same forum that adjustments to the exchange rate alone could not help cut China’s trade surplus, reinforcing the long-standing official position.

Many of China’s trade partners assert that the yuan is significantly undervalued, giving Chinese exporters an unfair advantage in global markets. Some U.S. lawmakers have said that the currency is underpriced by up to 40 percent.

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