"The situation is very politically charged. Right now, it's not a good idea to gather," he said. "There are many parties involved and when something like this happens, it's hard to find the perpetrators."

Shooting incidents are rare in Bangkok, which was calm Friday with business going on as usual in most of the city. Anti-government protests have mostly been isolated to the area around Government House.

Samak hopes his proposed referendum will allow him to keep his job while placating the People's Alliance for Democracy, which has vowed to continue its anti-government campaign.

The referendum will ask the public to choose between the alliance and the government, but many analysts say a simple yes-no vote is insufficient in the face of a complicated political crisis.

The alliance ridiculed the plan, saying Samak will manipulate the vote, just as they allege he did during general elections his party won in December 2007.

"The referendum is an attempt by Mr. Samak to buy himself some more time in the office," Sondhi Limthongkul, a media tycoon and one of the protest leaders, told The Associated Press.

Before announcing the referendum, which caught the nation by surprise, Samak delivered a combative speech on national radio, again refusing to step down.

"I will not abandon the ship, and I will take responsibility for the crew on board," Samak said, peppering his speech with folksy language. "I am not resigning. I have to protect the democracy of this country."

But some have said the referendum could aggravate rather than alleviate the political deadlock.

"A referendum is normally used to test public approval on whether to go to war or pass an important law. It would not be effective as a tool to solve a complicated political crisis with many conditions and layers," said Panithan Wattanayagorn, a political science professor at Bangkok's Chulalongkorn University.

The alliance is a loosely knit group of royalists, wealthy and middle-class urban residents, and union activists. It wants Parliament to be revamped so most lawmakers are appointed rather than elected, arguing that Thailand's impoverished rural majority is too susceptible to vote buying.

The group has already had a hand in bringing down one government, when it staged demonstrations in 2006 that paved the way for the bloodless coup that removed then Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra from office.

The protesters say Samak is Thaksin's stooge and is running the government for him by proxy while the ousted prime minister is in exile in Britain.

The government's failure to resolve the deadlock has also raised fears of an economic downturn, especially in Thailand's crucial tourist industry, which is particularly susceptible to concerns about political instability.

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